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In the past few years the use of
internet for the delivery of a complete and user oriented offering of
large and worldwide events has
been growing. Events like the Olympic Summer Games and the
European Cup of soccer were
offered by several distributors through the internet, live, 24 hours per
day and with the choice of what
the user wanted to see. All sports and matches were available and
the audiences for these online
coverage have been overwhelming (Roettgers, 2008). The Dutch
broadcaster Nederlandse Omroep
Stichting (NOS; Dutch Broadcasting Foundation), for instance,
delivered up to twelve
simultaneous feeds to choose from between different events of the 2008
Olympics in Beijing, at a quality
of 800 kbps. Here too the viewer numbers were larger than ever
could be expected (Berg, 2008).
Besides sporting events also major international events like the
Eurovision Song Contest and for
instance the U.S. Presidential Inauguration can count on broad live
online coverage.
Internet television is more and
more seen as a great way to expand the audience, next to traditional
television coverage for live
events. For the current television industry this is a good thing as the rule
“the more eyeballs see your content,
the better” applies, as more exposure means more value to
advertisers. We speak here of the
current television industry, because in this research we will be
discussing and identifying
possible changes in the industry. This is why we will speak of the current
television industry when we speak
of the industry as it is now, before the possible introduction of
any changes.
Up till now the large scale
distribution of live video content is a costly activity as the cost for this is
measured in bandwidth and
bandwidth is paid for per Gigabyte uploaded. The distributor of the
content pays for the bandwidth
that is needed to send (or upload) the content to the consumer. And
thus every extra customer means
extra costs. Also the bandwidth the distributor has at his disposal
is limited. When this available
maximum is reached the service is compromised. Depending on the
used technologies and
distribution infrastructure, this could cause that extra users will not be able
to
receive the feed or the quality
goes down. But it could also mean that the service would no longer
be available at all for all
users. Because of the high costs that come from raising the quality of the
streams and the network
constraints most of these programs can only be watched in quality inferior
to what people are used to from
their television set, which is one of the main reasons many
consumers are not appealed to watching internet
television.
Match Schedule
Manchester
City vs Stoke City
Competition:
Football Regular Season 2013,
Date:
Saturday February 22, 2014
Time:
15:00 GMT (+0)
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P2PTV is a technology in which all users receiving
streaming content simultaneously upload the
received content (to some extent) to other users.
This way every viewer contributes to the overall
capacity of available bandwidth. When a user joins a
certain channel, the P2PTV software or plug-in
contacts a tracker server that registers the
addresses of peers who are watching and thus
distributing that channel. It then contacts these
peers to receive parts of the feed from one or more
users. The tracker records the user's address, so
that it can be announced to other users who wish to
view the same channel. Swarms are formed of users
who are as close to each other as possible in
order to reach maximum distribution speeds. In this
way an overlay network is created on top of the
regular internet for the distribution of real-time
video content. This means that, in theory, the
content distributor only has to upload the content
to a small number of users, which in turn pass this
on to a small number of other users, and they in
turn do the same thing, etc... In this way a tree is
created of users receiving the content when only a
small number of viewers are served by the
original distributor (see Figure 3). In practice
users will receive and send different small parts of the
stream
from and to a multitude of peers depending on the quality needs and swarm size.
At this moment the P2PTV technology is mostly used
by consumers using P2PTV applications for
broadcasting. P2PTV applications enable the user to
share video material with a large number of
others over the internet in real time, without the
high bandwidth burdens that this would normally
cost with unicast. These types of applications are
typically used in Asian countries for sharing and
watching live sporting events and programming that
is offered by paid American television
networks. Examples of P2P streaming applications
are: Sopcast, TvAnts, PPMate and LiveCast. All of
these P2PTV applications enable users to receive and
view live streaming video content which is
distributed through software that is capable of
doing this. This content is streamed directly to users
that connect to their “channel”, which in turn join
the swarm of users and forward their received
content to others to create a live stream. This is
often used for the distribution of copyrighted
material,
which makes this an undesirable activity for the current television industry.
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